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Biological fermentation is a process in which microorganisms, under certain conditions, carry out their metabolic activities to convert organic substances into specific products. It is widely applied in fields such as food, medicine, energy, environment, and chemical engineering. Depending on whether oxygen is required, fermentation can be classified into aerobic fermentation and anaerobic fermentation. These two types of fermentation not only have significant differences in metabolic pathways but also differ greatly in their application goals and operational conditions in industrial production. A thorough understanding of the metabolic mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic fermentation is of great significance for optimizing industrial production processes, increasing product yield, and enhancing economic benefits.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is one of the key factors influencing the microbial fermentation process, especially playing a crucial role in aerobic fermentation. Changes in oxygen levels directly affect the metabolic rate, product formation pathways, and yield of microorganisms. Therefore, precisely and dynamically controlling the oxygen level is not only one of the core tasks for optimizing the fermentation process but also an important research direction in modern fermentation engineering.

The development of modern biotechnology engineering cannot be separated from advanced fermentation technology. As the core equipment, the performance of the automatic control system of the fermentation tank directly affects the efficiency and quality of microbial fermentation. With the deepening of the concepts of intelligent manufacturing and digital factories, the automatic control of modern fermentation tanks has become increasingly refined and intelligent, especially in the control of key parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), foam (Foam), and temperature.

Solid-state Fermentation (SSF) is an important biological fermentation method. Due to its high efficiency in product synthesis, low energy consumption, and high utilization rate of raw materials, it is widely applied in fields such as enzyme preparations, antibiotics, organic acids, animal feed, and food. Temperature and humidity are the key environmental factors that affect the efficiency of solid-state fermentation. They directly influence the growth and metabolism of microorganisms as well as the efficiency of product synthesis. This paper systematically analyzes the mechanisms, challenges, and optimization techniques of temperature and humidity control in solid-state fermentation, proposes various practical optimization schemes, and explores the application prospects of intelligent control technology in temperature and humidity regulation. It provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving the efficiency of solid-state fermentation.