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Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is one of the key factors influencing the microbial fermentation process, especially playing a crucial role in aerobic fermentation. Changes in oxygen levels directly affect the metabolic rate, product formation pathways, and yield of microorganisms. Therefore, precisely and dynamically controlling the oxygen level is not only one of the core tasks for optimizing the fermentation process but also an important research direction in modern fermentation engineering.

The development of modern biotechnology engineering cannot be separated from advanced fermentation technology. As the core equipment, the performance of the automatic control system of the fermentation tank directly affects the efficiency and quality of microbial fermentation. With the deepening of the concepts of intelligent manufacturing and digital factories, the automatic control of modern fermentation tanks has become increasingly refined and intelligent, especially in the control of key parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), foam (Foam), and temperature.

Solid-state Fermentation (SSF) is an important biological fermentation method. Due to its high efficiency in product synthesis, low energy consumption, and high utilization rate of raw materials, it is widely applied in fields such as enzyme preparations, antibiotics, organic acids, animal feed, and food. Temperature and humidity are the key environmental factors that affect the efficiency of solid-state fermentation. They directly influence the growth and metabolism of microorganisms as well as the efficiency of product synthesis. This paper systematically analyzes the mechanisms, challenges, and optimization techniques of temperature and humidity control in solid-state fermentation, proposes various practical optimization schemes, and explores the application prospects of intelligent control technology in temperature and humidity regulation. It provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving the efficiency of solid-state fermentation.

Biological fermentation is a core process in industrial biotechnology and is widely applied in fields such as pharmaceuticals, food, energy, and biomaterials. Traditional fermentation systems typically employ constant environmental conditions, such as constant pH and constant temperature, to provide the optimal growth environment for microorganisms. However, in many natural ecosystems, the growth environments of microorganisms are not uniform but rather exhibit distinct pH and temperature gradients. Therefore, simulating these natural conditions and constructing a multi-stage gradient bioreactor system not only helps enhance the metabolic efficiency of specific microorganisms but also facilitates the discovery of more functional microorganisms and their products in extreme environments.